What characterizes a murmur caused by mitral stenosis?

A murmur resulting from mitral stenosis is characterized by a diastolic, mid to late, low pitched quality due to the turbulent blood flow across the narrowed mitral valve during the filling phase of the heart. As the left atrium contracts to push blood into the ventricle through the stenotic valve, this creates a distinct sound that is best heard at the apex of the heart, often using the bell side of the stethoscope to appreciate its low pitch.

Mitral stenosis typically produces a mid to late diastolic murmur, correlating with the timing of the blood flow through the valve. During the early diastole, there is a brief phase of rapid filling that may not produce a significant sound, but as the heart transitions into late diastole, the further pressure gradient between the left atrium and left ventricle increases with the atrial contraction, accentuating the murmur.

Recognizing the features of a mitral stenosis murmur is crucial for assessment and management, as it provides insight into the severity of the stenosis and potential repercussions on cardiac function. Listening for additional components, such as an opening snap, can also give clues about the condition of the valve and the severity of the sten