How does maternal tobacco use potentially affect fetal development?

Maternal tobacco use is known to have a significant negative impact on fetal development, primarily by increasing the risk of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). When a pregnant individual uses tobacco, the harmful substances—such as nicotine and carbon monoxide—can restrict blood flow to the placenta and the fetus, which may lead to inadequate nutrient and oxygen supply. This lack of adequate support can hinder the fetus's growth, resulting in lower birth weight and potential developmental issues.

Research has consistently shown that babies born to mothers who smoke during pregnancy are at a higher risk of being born smaller than expected for their gestational age. This IUGR can lead to a variety of short- and long-term health problems for the infant, including increased risk for developmental delays, health complications, and chronic conditions later in life. Therefore, understanding the link between maternal tobacco use and IUGR is crucial for assessing the overall health risks associated with smoking during pregnancy.